In order to reduce the requirements on quantum devices, Shih et al. proposed two three-party quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols 22. However, Gao et al. presented a simple and effective attack strategy (i.e., dense-coding attack) upon the two protocols 23. In this paper, we make a deep analysis on the reason why Shih et al. three-party QKD protocols are not secure. Meanwhile, we improve the three-party QKD protocols so that they can resist the Gao et al. attack. On this basis, we present a formalism of single-photon multiparty quantum cryptographic protocol with collective detection. In this formalism, single photons are employed and all participants, except one whom we call as the center, only need to have the ability to perform single qubit unitary operations. Considering the expensive quantum devices, this formalism is low-priced which means it is easy to realize. Further more, this formalism can be widely used in various quantum cryptographic protocols, such as quantum secret sharing, quantum coin flipping, and quantum secure direct communication.
English Abstract:
In order to reduce the requirements on quantum devices, Shih et al. proposed two three-party quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols 22. However, Gao et al. presented a simple and effective attack strategy (i.e., dense-coding attack) upon the two protocols 23. In this paper, we make a deep analysis on the reason why Shih et al. three-party QKD protocols are not secure. Meanwhile, we improve the three-party QKD protocols so that they can resist the Gao et al. attack. On this basis, we present a formalism of single-photon multiparty quantum cryptographic protocol with collective detection. In this formalism, single photons are employed and all participants, except one whom we call as the center, only need to have the ability to perform single qubit unitary operations. Considering the expensive quantum devices, this formalism is low-priced which means it is easy to realize. Further more, this formalism can be widely used in various quantum cryptographic protocols, such as quantum secret sharing, quantum coin flipping, and quantum secure direct communication.
